Anatomy

Food enters the human digestive system through the mouth, where it is broken down by the chewing action of the teeth and enzymes in saliva (amylase, lysozyme, lipase). The tongue moves the food mass (bolus) into the throat and the food is swallowed via the esophagus into the stomach. Food...

The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ and is located in the upper far left part of the abdomen, behind the stomach and under the diaphragm. It is soft and purple, in the shape of a fist, and approximately 4 inches long. A healthy spleen weighs about six ounces, but...

The heart is the most critical organ in the human body and must function at its full capacity in order to maintain high quality of life and support the function of all other organs and systems. Therefore, a number of characteristics must be considered in order to understand how the...

This review focuses on Andrade, et al’s. (2014). “The clinical profile and pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation: relationships among clinical features, epidemiology, and mechanisms” published in Circulation research, 114(9). The nature of Atrial Fibrillation notes significance in the growing risks of morbidity and the commonality of the disease as an arrhythmia....

Charles Darwin scarcely mentioned the evolution of humanity in his most famed treatise On the Origin of Species. Darwin had hoped that some other competent evolutionist would trespass that taboo whenever the time was right. The naturalist realized in his increasingly fragile age that he would have to be the...

The testes are an elemental part of the male reproductive system. The two testes are responsible for the production of testosterone and sperms. The inside of testes constitutes of lobules each with seminiferous tubules and epithelial cells in which the process of spermatogenesis occurs to form the sperms. The testicles...

The eye is the major organ used for vision in the human body. In conjunction with the brain, an individual can have a visual perception of the surroundings. Several features of the eye make it possible to perceive light and colors, thus making vision possible. These features include both internal...

Spinal muscular atrophy or SMA is a hereditary disease. It is majorly characterized by the dysfunction of the nerve cells in the spinal cord. Due to this impairment, patients with SMA tend to face the progressive development of the muscular weakness (Kolb & Kissel, 2015). In the long run, this...

This article by Jeff Akst talks about the comeback of the tiny bone behind the knee. The name of the bone is fabella. The fabella is a small bone in a tendon behind the knee. This bone disappeared from the human anatomy millions of years ago (Akst). Hwever, according to...

The name of the show in question is Bones, a crime drama running for twelve seasons on the Fox network. The episode discussed is “The Monster in the Closet” from the 2016 season, and I chose to watch and summarize this episode because I had seen a few others, and...

Question 1: Homeostasis Homeostasis is a self-regulating process that seeks to maintain the stability of biological processes while at the same time adjusting to conditions optimal for survival (Delp and Laughlin, 412). The balance attained is not constant, but a dynamic equilibrium characterized by continuous changes seeking to maintain relatively...

Spinal Cord Injuries Spinal cord injuries vary with severity and symptoms depending on the location of the injury. The general principle is that the higher up the spine the injury occurs the more the amount of damage it will cause to the body. Therefore in Bob and Jacks case, one...

Anatomy of a Hangover is an informative description of the effects of alcohol on the body to the point of providing the college aged reader a vivid portrait of what to do and not do with regard to alcohol consumption. The processes of alcohol digestion and dissemination in the bloodstream...

According to the National Institutes of Health (2014), stem cells over potential to assist in the treatment of numerous medical conditions such as cancer and birth defects. This statement is not debated as the clinical evidence supports this potential. However, the debate begins over the collection of Pluripotent stem cells...

Connective tissues are tissues that connects, binds, supports or separates other organs or tissues. The surround each body muscle and may offer protection past the end of its muscle fibers to come up with a cord-like tendon. Connective tissues comprise of two basic elements, the matrix consisting of ground substance...

The neurons of the central nervous system demonstrate the effects of systemic hypoxia before most other tissues in the body. The CNS has a high requirement for oxygen and carriers of energy. In fact, one fifth of blood flow is involved in supplying the brain with oxygen even though the...

Digestion The organs of the gastrointestinal system directly involved with digestion are the mouth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Each organ produces different enzymes which are activated or deactivated by changes in the acidity level of the food-fluid mixture as it moves through through the tract. Salivary glands in...

The biochemical process of pheromone component degradation from body and antenna is cardinal for olfaction by permeating sensitivity to incoming pheromones. Substrate-specific enzymes synthesized by moths are responsible for degradation of pheromone components in the body. Studies conducted using pheromone analogues and 3H-labeled pheromones coupled with the application of radioactive...

The core list of the World Health Organisation’s Model List of Essential Medicines includes the most “efficacious, safe, and cost-effective” remedies (WHO 2015, explanatory notes). Platelet transfusion belongs to this list due to its vital importance for thousands of people with haematological disorders. Platelet transfusions are needed to save people’s...

Neurons transmit signals to neurons and to other cells (muscles or glands) at the synapse (CNS Clinic, 2007). The outer membranes of the transmitting neuron and the receiving cell are separated by a fluid-filled synaptic gap, typically 20 nm wide. So in order for the transmitting neuron to affect the...