European history

In the middle of the 19th century, the Italian peninsula was under the control of Austrian empire. There were previous attempts to unify the peninsula, however, the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia at that point was not strong enough to be able to oppose to the Austrian empire. In other words, the...

The Great War or the First World War differs significantly from the Second World War as far as geography is concerned. The First World War was an international conflict that affected the European nations between the years of 1914 and 1918. The war was mainly fought in Europe, Middle East,...

On the first of June 2018, the US tariff is alleged to have entered in force for aluminum and steel imports mainly from the European Union, a decision that was sired by President Donald Triumph who intended to extend some of the temporary exemptions. For these countries, it is essential...

The article “Comparing the European Revolutions of 1848 and 1989” was written by Robert Justin Goldstein, “a research associate at the Center for Russian and East European Studies at the University of Michigan” (Goldstein, 2007, p. 155) and published in a journal “Science” in October 2007. In the following article,...

The “Official Verdict Against Y. L. Pyatakov and Associates in the Purge Trial, January 30th, 1937” concerns the actions of a number of people said to be employed by l. Trotsky, considered to be the enemy of the people. This document details a plot that was instituted by those who...

It is ordinary for people to think of the Middle Ages as the “Dark” Ages, and generally as a period of hundreds of years in which Western civilization stagnated. Media representations of the era have long presented it as a time of vast ignorance, lawlessness, and a kind of barbaric...

Over the history, the Western civilization has been under the influence of various religions, with the greatest impact of Christianity on the course of its development. It is hard to evaluate all positive effects that Christianity had on the Western civilization, and yet, the most evident influence was made on...

In essence, war is and has always been a matter of significant importance to a state. It has been an element of the human race throughout history. It is a matter of life or death, a road that can lead to ruin or survival. Therefore, societies ought to study it...

Monasticism was an essential element for the Medieval Europe as it remained one of the few institutes within which civilization, science, and other knowledge was able to survive for posterity so that future generations could use it. Monks were always a relatively stable small group of people that had the...

1. Shock therapy in Russia refers to decisions made by the government to make widespread changes to the control of production and various other economic controls. Specifically, it refers to the sudden dissolution of existing price controls, the ending of state subsidies, and bringing about the liberalization of systems of...

Benitto Mussolini is said to have initiated fascism in Italy in the ancient Europe. This fascism was an ideology than described most of west Europe’s political rights encompassing rights. The fascism that was being advocated by Mussolini was characterized by radicalization but aimed at creating self-sufficiency in economic perspectives. His...

The government Kemal commits to is in the form of a Republic comprised of nationalism, populism, estatist and secular principles and is also revolutionary. It is similar to the American system of government because he establishes Turkey’s independence as a sovereign nation, safeguards liberties, equality and the property of the...

There are several benefits of the tax system that was introduced by Napoleon. This is mainly because the system of laws was hugely disjointed. During this time when the tax laws were introduced, the existing laws were not codified. They were based on the Roman laws, monarchial paternalism and ancient...

As Hugh Trevor-Roper asks as a guiding question of his The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (1967) how it happened that great power and influence resided in one part of Europe marked by the Catholic religion at the start of the Renaissance had by 1700 power lie in Protestant England,...

In the case of non-European kings creating mechanisms designed to increase their power it is the Ottoman Empire and the Chinese before communism. The Ottoman centralized government and the Chinese monarchies had leaders with absolute rule from a centralized government where no checks and balances existed. Accessing a primary source...

Mongolian tribes, although seen as primitive by the outsiders, had some interesting features that allowed them to succeed in battle and be as efficient as they were. For instance, given the fact they were mostly nomadic, it was impossible to speak about a unified Mongolian army until the arrival of...

When looking at international conflicts, particularly the Cold War, it is interesting to note the strategies that actually brought about an ending to the hostility. Ronald Reagan’s policies that brought about peace were actually a result of realizing that the period of détente ushered in by Richard Nixon was actually...

World War I saw fighting on a scale never before seen in history. The number of casualties was staggering. For all of the fighting, however, there was remarkably little progress made on either side. Massive battles that took months to fight ended with little or no territory changing hands. This...

In the year 1956, the Hungarian Revolution was a historic event that directly followed a speech delivered by leader of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev (Britannica Online). The speech was a declaration of war against the oppressors led by Joseph Stalin. Upon encouragement from the newly acquired freedom of criticism...

Having defeated the main enemies of Germany—Denmark, Austria, and France—Bismarck decided that the best way to protect Germany was to preserve the peace created after the wars. His plan therefore was to isolate France as much as possible, allying himself with Russia and Austria—both to generate strength as an alliance...